Finding Forgiveness, Building Trust

“You can achieve a lot more by making people feel like they are part of the solution, instead of making people feel like they are the problem.”

Eskasoni Chief Charlie Joe Dennis

However, reconciliation is also about the willingness of all parties to communicate with each other and to move forward together. As lead for the new Nova Scotia Treaty Education initiative, I have aimed to create a safe space for engaging the conversation on Treaties and reconciliation and for creating collaboration to implement Treaty Education in the province’s schools.

Sharing different narratives about Canada’s and Nova Scotia’s origins, and in particular the Mi’kmaw story, requires new ways to listen and new approaches to rebuilding relationships long divided by misinformation. For too long, Treaty issues have been avoided or ignored in most schools across the province.

Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. famously said, “Take the first step in faith; you don’t have to see the whole staircase, just take the first step.” Reconciliation has to begin with that first step.

The first step in my journey has been working with Indigenous peoples to help them believe in and work with governments as partners. Lack of trust is one of the biggest obstacles to reconciliation. Indigenous nations have been victimized and oppressed for generations and have been let down many times.

However, Elder Noel Starblanket, the former chief of the National Indian Brotherhood (today known as the Assembly of First Nations) offered hope when he stated, “If you want Treaty Education to succeed, your message cannot be about bitterness, anger, or resentment. Your message has to be about hope and moving forward, together!”

Reconciliation is only possible if both parties want to learn from the mistakes of the past and are willing to work to find forgiveness and to rebuild trust. This is not easy in personal relationships; it is even more difficult for entire nations.

However, the Indigenous Peoples across Canada have a constitutional recognition of their rights and continue to seek their implementation. With the recent Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s calls to action, we have the inevitable task of finding a way to reconcile the history of Indigenous peoples regarding what recent Supreme Court Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin has described as “cultural genocide.”

This reconciliation through education must be balanced in a way that is inclusive and beneficial to Canada.

Over the last century, many Nova Scotians have viewed the Treaties as outdated historical documents. The work of the province’s Treaty Education initiative is to ensure that Nova Scotians understand that the Treaties have a significant purpose in today’s society.

The signed negotiations between representatives of the Crown and First Nations peoples began with the eighteenth-century Treaties of Peace and Friendship and are the building blocks of Canada and Nova Scotia. Thus, “we are all Treaty people” and all have responsibilities to the future because of the past.

As Mi’kmaw Chief Rod Googoo of We’koqma’q First Nation eloquently pointed out in his address to Nova Scotia chiefs during the Mi’kmaw Kina’matnewey Treaty Education Summit, “If you look around Nova Scotia, the Mi’kmaq are not the ones who benefited the most from the signing of the Treaties.” (Mi’kmaw Kina’matnewey is a sectorial selfgovernment agency formed under the Mi’kmaw Education Act in 1997. Under the act, the Mi’kmaq have authority over Mi’kmaw education.)

His point is that all Nova Scotians are Treaty beneficiaries, yet many Mi’kmaw families have not benefited. They have been isolated economically and fragmented into small communities. Statistics on Indigenous populations frequently note their high levels of poverty, unclean water, diabetes, and suicide.

The Supreme Court of Canada has recognized the constitutional validity of Treaties, including those made prior to Confederation. In the Simon case of 1985, the court affirmed a 1752 Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed between the Mi’kmaq in Nova Scotia and the Crown.

In the Marshall case of 1999, the Court found that Mi’kmaw and Maliseet people on the East Coast continue to have the right to hunt, fish, and gather to earn a moderate livelihood under Peace and Friendship Treaties signed in 1760 and 1761.

While the Peace and Friendship Treaties that the Mi’kmaq signed centuries ago have been part of Mi’kmaw understanding, we at the same time welcome the Supreme Court’s affirmation of our Treaty rights.

The implementation of Treaty rights brings hope for a better future. Indeed, today’s millennials are the first generation to grow up with the reality that Treaties are recognized in Canada.

The government narrative concerning Mi’kmaw peoples within Nova Scotia has changed. Prior to the landmark ruling by the Supreme Court in 1985, the provincial government refused to acknowledge the Mi’kmaw Treaties. But by the following year the province had established October 1 as Treaty Day to recognize the Treaty relationship.

And in 2015 Premier Stephen McNeil publicly affirmed, during the signing of the Treaty Education memorandum of understanding, that “we are all Treaty people.” This open affirmation was greeted by Mi’kmaw leaders and community members with an unprecedented standing ovation on Treaty Day.

In December of 2015, optimism grew nationally when the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s final report was tabled at a ceremony in Ottawa.

During that ceremony, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau shared a story of how, when he had gone to school, his history teacher had skipped over a chapter about Indigenous history, stating that “this chapter is not very interesting, not very important.”

The prime minister then vowed to “ensure that never again in the future of Canada will students be told that this is not an integral part of everything we are as a country and everything we are as Canadians.”

Trudeau also said, “reconciliation is not an Aboriginal issue; it is a Canadian issue.” With these strong statements, it became possible to dream of a Canada where Indigenous nations, provincial education departments, and the federal government work together to embed Indigenous history, culture, and knowledge within current educational structures.

In Nova Scotia, the work on Treaty Education has involved not only teaching about our history but also ensuring that our focus is on the future and on creating change in the next generation.

We have borrowed from the Office of the Treaty Commissioner’s Speakers Bureau the analogy of the Head, Heart, and Hand as the foundation of reconciliation.

The Head is understanding about the history of First Nations peoples and acknowledging the legacy of harm. The Heart is about feelings, attitudes, and beliefs that come with understanding, including sympathy or empathy, and healing. The Hand is about the actions that go with knowing and feeling.

Reconciliation begins with a raised awareness of the complicities and realities of the past. It cannot happen without having difficult conversations. It involves being prepared to be uncomfortable with the roles and privileges born from colonization.

For many Indigenous leaders across Canada, reconciliation is about ensuring that we learn from the past and that the failures of former generations can be the opportunities of future generations.

Through implementing education that values diversity and appreciates the contributions of the First Nations, our current and future leaders will be better able to reconcile the mistakes of the past in a way that we can all be proud of. We can move forward together in the spirit and intent of our Treaties.

Like any policy initiative, the mandate for Treaty Education in Nova Scotia has undergone years of Treaty advocacy by many Mi’kmaq and by government policy leaders. Our journey has been one of collaboration and doing our best to ensure that we engaged all potential stakeholders — whether provincial, federal, or First Nations peoples.

Since 1997 in Nova Scotia, a tripartite forum of federal, provincial, and Mi’kmaw governments has been operating to discuss common areas of concern and jurisdiction, including education. The committee noted that Nova Scotia is lagging behind many of the provinces and territories and needs to ensure that Treaty Education is being taught in provincial and Mi’kmaw Kina’matnewey classrooms.

In 2015, the tripartite forum funded a two-day Treaty Education workshop that included Elders, government leaders, educators, youth, and academic leaders.

The purpose of this workshop was to understand the national directions and the need to forge ahead with a comprehensive implementation plan for Treaty Education. Speakers included Marie Battiste from the University of Saskatchewan, Brenda Ahenakew from the Office of the Treaty Commissioner in Saskatchewan, Jeff Orr, Dean of Education at St. Francis Xavier University, and others.

This led to the development of several recommendations that were presented to the Mi’kmaw leadership within Mi’kmaw Kina’matnewey.

With the support of the Mi’kmaw leadership, Treaty Education became a Mi’kmaw Kina’matnewey program.

The initial funding of Treaty Education came from eight Mi’kmaw communities as well as Mi’kmaw Kina’matnewey. I was hired as Treaty Education lead to begin advocacy and to obtain funding.

After several initial discussions with provincial representatives about the merits of the proposal and its long-term objectives, the province gave its support to Treaty Education.

Treaty Education goes beyond agreement with the principles of knowledge and curriculum change; it is also a positive step toward learning about and from Mi’kmaq in our provincial education system.

The 2015 memorandum of understanding between the Mi’kmaq and the province of Nova Scotia states that Treaty Education “would be promoted and supported in every class, every grade, and in every school across Nova Scotia.”

The signing of the MOU was followed by meetings with Knowledge Holders, which resulted in the creation of a visual framework to help individuals understand Treaty Education in Nova Scotia.

The framework focused on four key questions:

1. Who are the Mi’kmaq?
2. Why are Treaties important?
3. What happened to the Treaty relationship?
4. How do we promote reconciliation moving forward?

After creating this framework, we began the process of implementing Treaty Education within Nova Scotia schools. This work included creating training and resources as well as offering a safe place for discussion and dialogue.

While collaboration between Mi’kmaw Knowledge Holders and provincial officials can be difficult, we are guided by an old African proverb: “If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together.”

The collaboration process has been extended into 2020 in hopes of changing the current Nova Scotia education system with the full participation of Mi’kmaw educators.

The Head, Heart, and Hand can be engaged in areas other than education, such as the legal system.

For instance, in 2017, after years of advocacy by the Mi’kmaq, a posthumous pardon and apology was granted to the late Grand Chief Gabriel Sylliboy, who in 1927 was convicted of hunting muskrats out of season. At the time, Sylliboy defended himself by asserting his rights under the 1752 Treaty. The free pardon in 2017 gave impetus to the idea that reconciliation goes beyond education.

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While collaboration between Mi’kmaw Knowledge Holders and provincial officials can be difficult, we are guided by an old African proverb: “If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together.”

During the ceremony to grant Sylliboy a free pardon, McNeil quoted Murray Sinclair, chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission:

“Starting now, we all have an opportunity to show leadership, courage, and conviction in helping heal the wounds of the past as we make a path towards a more just, more fair, and more loving country. This is our beginning; begin that journey of healing.”

In another important act of symbolic reconciliation, the Halifax regional council in 2018 decided to remove a statue of Governor Edward Cornwallis from a park named in his honour. Cornwallis was infamous within Mi’kmaw communities as a violator of the 1725–26 Treaty. He also, in 1749, put a bounty on Mi’kmaw scalps.

Many councillors made compelling arguments for the removal of the statue. “This land wasn’t lost; it wasn’t ours to find,” said Councillor Steve Craig in debunking the argument that Cornwallis founded Halifax.

Another councillor, Richard Zurawski, urged: “For goodness sakes, let’s end the five hundred years of broken promises and take away this visible symbol of supremacy.”

Mi’kmaw Elder Daniel Paul, who has advocated for the removal of the statue for more than thirty years, stated, “I was beginning to think I wouldn’t live long enough to see this day.”

While education is an important impetus for change, it will be achieved when Nova Scotians can see the effects of the past on their own histories and are able to address them proactively as these leaders have done.

As Treaty is everyone’s heritage in Nova Scotia, how we live those Treaties and responsibilities will call us to new forms of awareness, of attitudinal changes, and of consequential action.